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Arthur Schopenhauer
Schopenhauer primarily worked in metaphysics and ethics. He’s famous for being a philosophical pessimist, essentially demeaning the value of life. He identified the ‘will to life,’ an irrational drive that pushes all organisms to reproduce and strive for survival even if it leads to unhappiness; he proposed asceticism and self-denial to quell the issues of life; and he combined Indian philosophy with western thought to complete his project.

His seminal work is The World as Will and Representation.
Works:
On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (1813) - His dissertation, a commentary on the principle of sufficient reason (the premise that everything must have a cause or reason).
On Vision and Colours (1816) - A psychological examination arguing the subjectivity of vision.
The World as Will and Representation (1818) - An exploration into the will to life, quelling the suffering of the world, and the particular way humans perceive the world.
On the Will in Nature (1836) - an expansion of the will to life as appearing in the natural processes of the world.
On the Basis of Morality (1840) - Schopenhauer's own ethical theory that compassion is the primary foundation of morality.
The Metaphysics of Love (1844) - An argument that romantic love is driven by the will to life and thus cannot lead to happiness for the individual.
Parerga and Paralipomena (1851) - A collection of supplementary essays including Schopenhauer's commentary on the education, wisdoms of life, dialectics, and more.
Essays - Including The Art of Controversy, The Art of Being Right, The Wisdom of Life, The Vanity of Existence, among others.